Subject to limitations in some cases, you may boot the installation system from a Debian GNU/Linux CD-ROM, floppy disks, a partition on a hard disk, or from another machine via a local area network.
Boot parameters are Linux kernel parameters which are generally used to make sure that peripherals are dealt with properly. For the most part, the kernel can auto-detect information about your peripherals. However, in some cases you'll have to help the kernel a bit.
Full information on boot parameters can be found in the Linux BootPrompt
HOWTO; this section contains only a sketch of the most salient
parameters.
If this is the first time you're booting the system, try the default boot parameters (i.e., don't try setting arguments) and see if it works correctly. It probably will. If not, you can reboot later and look for any special parameters that inform the system about your hardware.
When the kernel boots, a message
Memory:
availk/totalk available
should be emitted early in the process. total should match the total amount of RAM, in kilobytes. If this doesn't match the actual of RAM you have installed, you need to use the mem=ram parameter, where ram is set to the amount of memory, suffixed with ``k'' for kilobytes, or ``m'' for megabytes. For example, both mem=65536k and mem=64m mean 64MB of RAM.
If you have a PowerMac with an IDE drive, and you receive weird kernel error
messages when accessing your hard drive, you might be ticking a bug in the
kernel when using IDE drives on your hardware. Try using the following boot
argument, assuming your IDE drive is /dev/hda:
hda=noautotune.
If your monitor is only capable of black-and-white, use the mono boot argument. Otherwise, your installation will use color, which is the default.
If you are booting with a serial console, generally the kernel will autodetect this . If you have a videocard (framebuffer) and a keyboard also attached to the computer which you wish to boot via serial console, you may have to pass the console=device argument to the kernel, where device is your serial device, which is usually something like ``ttyS0''.
Again, full details on boot parameters can be found in the Linux BootPrompt
HOWTO, including tips for obscure hardware. Some common gotchas are
included below in Troubleshooting the
Install Process, Section 5.6.
The installation system recognizes a few boot arguments which may be useful. The effects of quiet and verbose are listed in Effects of Verbose and Quiet, Section 11.5.
The easiest route for most people will be to use a set of Debian CDs. If you
have a CD set, and if your machine supports booting directly off the CD, great!
Simply insert your CD, reboot, and proceed to the next chapter. Currently, the
only PowerPC subarchitectures that support CD-ROM booting are PReP and New
World PowerMacs. On PowerMacs, hold the 'c' key, or else the combination of
Command, Option, Shift, and Delete keys together while booting to boot from the
CD-ROM.
If your system doesn't boot directly from CD-ROM, you can still use the CD-ROM to install the system. You can also use an OpenFirmware command to boot from the CD-ROM manually. Follow the instructions in Booting NewWorld Macs from OpenFirmware, Section 5.4.3 for booting from the hard disk, except use the path to yaboot on the CD at the OF prompt, such as
0 > boot cd:,install\powermac\yaboot
Note that certain CD drives may require special drivers, and thus be inaccessible in the early installation stages. If it turns out the standard way of booting off a CD doesn't work for your hardware, revisit this chapter and read about alternate kernels and installation methods which may work for you.
Even if you cannot boot from CD-ROM, you can probably install the Debian system components and any packages you want from CD-ROM. Simply boot using a different media, such as floppies. When it's time to install the operating system, base system, and any additional packages, point the installation system at the CD-ROM drive.
If you have problems booting, see Troubleshooting the Install Process, Section 5.6.
Booting from floppies is supported for PowerPC, although it is generally only applicable for OldWorld systems. NewWorld systems are not usually equipped with floppy drives.
You will have already downloaded the floppy images you needed and created floppies from the images in Creating Floppies from Disk Images, Section 4.3.
To boot from the boot-floppy-hfs floppy, place it in floppy drive after shutting the system down, and before pressing the power-on button.
After booting, the root.bin floppy is requested. Insert the root floppy and
press Enter. The installer program dbootstrap is
automatically launched after the root system has been loaded into memory.
If you have problems booting, see Troubleshooting the Install Process, Section 5.6.
Booting from an existing operating system is often a convenient option; for some systems it is the only supported method of installation.
To boot the installer from hard disk, you will have already completed downloading and placing the needed files in Preparing Files for Hard Disk Booting, Section 4.4.
Not yet written.
If you set up BootX in Hard Disk Installer Booting
for OldWorld Macs, Section 4.4.1, you can use it to boot into the
installation system. Double click the BootX application icon.
Click on the 'Options' button and select 'Use Specified RAM Disk'. This will
give you the chance to select the ramdisk.image.gz file. You may
need to select the 'No Video Driver' checkbox, depending on your hardware.
Then click the 'Linux' button to shut down MacOS and launch the installer.
You will have already placed the linux.bin, yaboot, yaboot.conf, and root.bin files at the root level of your HFS partition in Hard Disk Installer Booting for NewWorld Macs, Section 4.4.2. Restart the computer, and immediately (during the chime) hold down the Option, Command (cloverleaf/Apple), o, and f keys all together. After a few seconds you will be presented with the Open Firmware prompt:
0 >
At the prompt, type
0 > boot hd:x,yaboot
replacing x with the partition number of the HFS partition where the kernel and yaboot files were placed, followed by a return. In a few more seconds you will see a yaboot prompt
boot:
At yaboot's boot: prompt, type either install or
install-safe followed by a return. The `safe' option uses the
video=ofonly argument for maximum compatibility; you can try it if
install doesn't work. The Debian installation program should
start.
Not yet written.
Booting from the network requires that you have a network connection supported
by the boot floppies, including either a static network address or a DHCP
server, a BOOTP server, and a TFTP server. Currently, PReP and New World
PowerMac systems support netbooting. The installation method to support TFTP
booting is described in Preparing Files for TFTP Net
Booting, Section 4.5. On machines with Open Firmware, such as NewWorld
Power Macs, enter the boot monitor (see Invoking OpenFirmware,
Section 3.7.1) and use the command boot enet:0. PReP and CHRP
boxes may have different ways of addressing the network. More information from
users with those machines is requested. On a PReP machine, you should try
boot
server_ipaddr,file,client_ipaddr.
The biggest problem for people installing Debian for the first time seems to be floppy disk reliability.
The rescue floppy is the floppy with the worst problems, because it is read by the hardware directly, before Linux boots. Often, the hardware doesn't read as reliably as the Linux floppy disk driver, and may just stop without printing an error message if it reads incorrect data. There can also be failures in the Driver Floppies most of which indicate themselves with a flood of messages about disk I/O errors.
If you are having the installation stall at a particular floppy, the first thing you should do is re-download the floppy disk image and write it to a different floppy. Simply reformatting the old floppy may not be sufficient, even if it appears that the floppy was reformatted and written with no errors. It is sometimes useful to try writing the floppy on a different system.
One user reports he had to write the images to floppy three times before one worked, and then everything was fine with the third floppy.
Other users have reported that simply rebooting a few times with the same floppy in the floppy drive can lead to a successful boot. This is all due to buggy hardware or firmware floppy drivers.
If you have problems and the kernel hangs during the boot process, doesn't recognize peripherals you actually have, or drives are not recognized properly, the first thing to check is the boot parameters, as discussed in Boot Parameter Arguments, Section 5.1.
If you are booting with your own kernel instead of the one supplied with the installer, be sure that CONFIG_DEVFS is not set in your kernel. The installer is not compatible with CONFIG_DEVFS.
Often, problems can be solved by removing add-ons and peripherals, and then trying booting again.
There are, however, some limitations in our boot floppy set with respect to supported hardware. Some Linux-supported platforms might not be directly supported by our boot floppies. If this is the case, you may have to create a custom rescue disk (see Replacing the Rescue Floppy Kernel, Section 10.3), or investigate network installations.
If you have a large amount of memory installed in your machine, more than 512M, and the installer hangs when booting the kernel, you may need to include a boot argument to limit the amount of memory the kernel sees, such as mem=512m.
During the boot sequence, you may see many messages in the form can't find something, or something not present, can't initialize something, or even this driver release depends on something. Most of these messages are harmless. You see them because the kernel for the installation system is built to run on computers with many different peripheral devices. Obviously, no one computer will have every possible peripheral device, so the operating system may emit a few complaints while it looks for peripherals you don't own. You may also see the system pause for a while. This happens when it is waiting for a device to respond, and that device is not present on your system. If you find the time it takes to boot the system unacceptably long, you can create a custom kernel later (see Compiling a New Kernel, Section 9.5).
dbootstrap Problem Report
If you get through the initial boot phase but cannot complete the install,
dbootstrap's 'Report a Problem' menu choice may be helpful. It
creates dbg_log.tgz on a floppy, hard disk or nfs-mounted
filesystem. dbg_log.tgz details the system's state
(/var/log/messages, /proc/cpuinfo etc.).
dbg_log.tgz may provide clues as to what went wrong and how to fix
it. If you are submitting a bug report you may want to attach this file to the
bug report.
If you still have problems, please submit a bug report. Send an email to
submit@bugs.debian.org. You
must include the following as the first lines of the email:
Package: boot-floppies
Version: version
Make sure you fill in version with the version of the boot-floppies set that you used. If you don't know the version, use the date you downloaded the floppies, and include the distribution you got them from (e.g., ``stable'', ``frozen'', ``woody'').
You should also include the following information in your bug report:
architecture: powerpc
model: your general hardware vendor and model
memory: amount of RAM
scsi: SCSI host adapter, if any
cd-rom: CD-ROM model and interface type, e.g., ATAPI
network card: network interface card, if any
pcmcia: details of any PCMCIA devices
Depending on the nature of the bug, it also might be useful to report whether you are installing to IDE or SCSI disks, other peripheral devices such as audio, disk capacity, and the model of video card.
In the bug report, describe what the problem is, including the last visible kernel messages in the event of a kernel hang. Describe the steps that you did which brought the system into the problem state.
dbootstrap
dbootstrap is the name of the program which is run after you have
booted into the installation system. It is responsible for initial system
configuration and the installation of the ``base system''.
The main job of dbootstrap, and the main purpose of your initial
system configuration, is to configure essential elements of your system. For
instance, you may need to use certain ``kernel modules'', drivers which are
linked into the kernel. These modules include storage hardware drivers,
network drivers, special language support, and support for other peripherals
which are not automatically built in to the kernel you are using.
Disk partitioning, disk formatting, and networking setup are also facilitated
by dbootstrap. This fundamental setup is done first, since it is
often necessary for the proper functioning of your system.
dbootstrap is a simple, character-based application, designed for
maximum compatibility in all situations (such as installation over a serial
line). It is very easy to use. It will guide you through each step of the
installation process in a linear fashion. You can also go back and repeat
steps if you find you have made a mistake.
To navigate within dbootstrap, use:
If you are an experienced Unix or Linux user, press Left Alt-F2 to get
to the second virtual console. That's the Alt key on the
left-hand side of the space bar, and the F2 function key, at the same
time. This is a separate window running a Bourne shell clone called
ash. At this point you are booted from the RAM disk, and there is
a limited set of Unix utilities available for your use. You can see what
programs are available with the command ls /bin /sbin /usr/bin
/usr/sbin. Use the menus to perform any task that they are able to do
— the shell and commands are only there in case something goes wrong. In
particular, you should always use the menus, not the shell, to activate your
swap partition, because the menu software can't detect that you've done this
from the shell. Press Left Alt-F1 to get back to menus. Linux
provides up to 64 virtual consoles, although the rescue floppy only uses a few
of them.
Error messages are redirected to the third virtual terminal (known as
tty3). You can access this terminal by pressing Left
Alt-F3 (hold the Alt key while pressing the F3 function
key); get back to dbootstrap with Left Alt-F1.
These messages can also be found in /var/log/messages. After
installation, this log is copied to /var/log/installer.log on your
new system.
During the Base installation, package unpacking and setup messages are
redirected to tty4. You can access this terminal by pressing
Left Alt-F4; get back to dbootstrap with Left
Alt-F1.
The unpack/setup messages generated by debootstrap are saved in
/target/tmp/debootstrap.log when the installation is performed
over a serial console.
Your architecture supports the new internationalization features. Therefore, as the first step of the installation, select the language in which you want the installation process to take place.
Some languages have variants available, and will therefore prompt you to ``Choose Language Variant'' after picking your language. Pick whichever variant applies to your geographic region.
The answers you provided in the previous two questions will be used to pick the language which the installer will use, will try to set a suitable keyboard layout, and, later in the process, will be used to pick the default Debian Mirror Server for your probably geographic location. However, you can also override these settings if you choose.
The first screen after ``Choose the Language'' that dbootstrap
will present you with is the ``Release Notes''. This screen presents the
version information for the boot-floppies software you are using,
and gives a brief introduction to Debian developers.
You may see a dialog box that says ``The installation program is determining
the current state of your system and the next installation step that should be
performed.''. On some systems, this will go by too quickly to read. You'll
see this dialog box between steps in the main menu. The installation program,
dbootstrap, will check the state of the system in between each
step. This checking allows you to re-start the installation without losing the
work you have already done, in case you happen to halt your system in the
middle of the installation process. If you have to restart an installation,
you will have to configure your keyboard, re-activate your swap partition, and
re-mount any disks that have been initialized. Anything else that you have
done with the installation system will be saved.
During the entire installation process, you will be presented with the main
menu, entitled ``Debian GNU/Linux Installation Main Menu''. The choices at the
top of the menu will change to indicate your progress in installing the system.
Phil Hughes wrote in the Linux
Journal that you could teach a chicken to install Debian!
He meant that the installation process was mostly just pecking at the
Enter key. The first choice on the installation menu is the next
action that you should perform according to what the system detects you have
already done. It should say ``Next'', and at this point the next step in
installing the system will be taken.
Make sure the highlight is on the ``Next'' item, and press Enter to go
to the keyboard configuration menu. Select a keyboard that conforms to the
layout used for your national language, or select something close if the
keyboard layout you want isn't represented. Once the system installation is
complete, you'll be able to select a keyboard layout from a wider range of
choices (run kbdconfig as root when you have completed the
installation).
Move the highlight to the keyboard selection you desire and press Enter. Use the arrow keys to move the highlight — they are in the same place in all national language keyboard layouts, so they are independent of the keyboard configuration. An 'extended' keyboard is one with F1 through F10 keys along the top row.
There are two keyboard layouts for US keyboards; the qwerty/mac-usb-us (Apple USB) layout will place the Alt function on the Command/Apple key (in the keyboard position next to the space key similar to Alt on PC keyboards), while the qwerty/us (Standard) layout will place the Alt function on the Option key (engraved with 'alt' on most Mac keyboards). In other respects the two layouts are similar.
If you are installing a diskless workstation, the next few steps will be skipped, since there are no local disks to partition. In that case, your next step will be ``Configure the Network'', Section 7.7. After that, you will be prompted to mount your NFS root partition in ``Mount a Previously-Initialized Partition'', Section 6.9.
Did we tell you to back up your disks? Here's your last chance to save your old system. If you haven't backed up all of your disks, remove the floppy from the drive, reset the system, and run backups.
Installing Debian GNU/Linux 3.0 For PowerPC
version 3.0.23, 15 May, 2002